Young Farmers seen
as Key to National Food Security
An
architect by training, 26-year-old Ronaldiaz Hartantyo has decided to make a
living as a farmer, a career choice most Indonesian people of his age would
never think of. After completing his bachelor's degree from the Bandung
Institute of Technology (ITB) in 2011, Aldi, as he is affectionately called,
and three friends set up Agritectur, a cooperative to help small-scale
vegetable farmers in Bandung, West Java, develop strategies to expand their
market. It did not take long for him to finally roll up his sleeves and start
his own organic farming business. ‘
“Many young people see farming as
an obsolete profession that earns you no money”, Aldi said over the weekend. In
fact, it can be a cool job.'
Despite
labelling itself an agricultural country, Indonesia has seen a continuous
decline in the number of farmers ' by an average 1.93 percent each year between
2010 and 2014. The sector's contribution to the country's gross domestic product
(GDP) has fallen from 15.2 percent in 2003 to 14.4 percent a decade later.
A
lack of regeneration in the country's agriculture sector could jeopardize
Indonesian food security in the future. Only 12 percent of the country's 35
million farmers are younger than 35 years. A survey conducted last year in
three Central Java regencies by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
also found that most children of farmers objected to following in the footsteps
of their parents, as they thought working in cities offered a more promising
life than labor-intensive farming. Speaking at a recent discussion in Bandung,
Ben
White, a professor of rural sociology at the International Institute of Social
Studies (ISS) in The Hague, said many countries were facing a similar
challenge. White, who speaks fluent Indonesian, urged continuous attempts to
encourage young people to get involved in agriculture in order to guarantee the
sustainability of national food production. Despite their reluctance, young
people, he said, had the potential to significantly improve the agricultural
sector, as they were more responsive to innovation and technological changes
than older farmers.
“If
young people do not fill this gap, there is a possibility that they will
contribute to increasing unemployment, which has become a major problem in the
21st century,” he said. Researchers Yogaprasta A. Nugraha and Rina Herawati of
the Bandung-based Akatiga Social Aldi,
meanwhile, acknowledged that encouraging people to go into farming required
more than just words. They had to see how the profession could be financially
rewarding. To achieve such a goal, Aldi and his friends, for instance,
regularly organize a mobile market, in which farmers can meet directly with
customers in downtown Bandung and learn about the latter's product preferences
or research opportunities to expand their business, including by opening
small-scale agrotourism services. 'In the end, customers understand that they
will always need farmers, as they cannot eat money,' he said.
Present
Perfect Tense
Present
perfect adalah kombinasi gramatikal dari present tense dan perfect aspect yang
digunakan untuk mengekspresikan peristiwa masa lalu yang memiliki konsekuensi
masa kini. Istilah ini digunakan terutama dalam konteks tata bahasa Inggris
untuk merujuk pada bentuk seperti "Saya telah selesai".
Rumus Present
Perfect Tense
Present perfect
tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary
verb have atau has, dan past participle
(verb-3). Have digunakan untuk I, you,
dan plural subject seperti:
- Plural pronoun (they, we)
- Plural noun (boys, men)
- Compound subject dengan kata hubung “and” (you
and I, Tom and Jack)
Sedangkan has untuk singular
subject, seperti:
- Third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it)
- Singular noun (Tom, man).
Past
participle dibentuk dengan
menambahkan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne pada base form berupa regular
verb. Pada base form berupa irregular verb,
bentuk past participle tidak konsisten. Berikut adalah
beberapa adverbs yang biasa digunakan untuk mengekspresikan present
perfect tense:
- Yet
- Already
- Just
- Ever
- Never
Dan
ketika kita berbicara dengan tindakan-tindakan yang belum selesai atau sebuah
situasi tertentu, maka kita bisa mengunakan:
- For
- Since
Ø For something
that stared in the past and continues in the present:
-
They’ve been stayed for nearly forty years
-
He has worked in Bandung all his life
Ø For something
we have done several times in the past and continue to do:
-
She has written five books and she is working on
another one
-
I’ve been reading the novel every week since it started
Ø When we are
talking about our experiences up to the present:
-
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
A
: Have you ever met Gina?
B
: Yes, but I’ve never met his child
Ø For something
that happened in the past but it’s important at the time of speaking:
-
I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.
-
Shanaz isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping
A
: Where have you been?
B
: I’ve just been out to the supermarket
A
: Where’s Tiara? I haven’t seen her for weeks.
B
: She’s gone to Manado for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.
Ø For completed
in recent past(just):
-
Have you just finished study?
-
I have just eaten.
-
We have just seen him.
-
Has she just left?
Past Perfect
The Facts About Wind Energy
Recent data and analyses
have made it clear that the emissions savings from adding wind energy to the
grid are even larger than had been commonly thought. In addition to each
kilowatt-hour (kWh) of wind energy directly offsetting a kWh that would have
been produced by a fossil-fired power plant, new analyses show that wind plants
further reduce emissions by forcing the most polluting and inflexible power
plants offline and causing them to be replaced by more efficient and flexible
types of generation. “If we get right to the athletes, we actually get a large
part of the project,” he said.
At the same time, and in
spite of the overwhelming evidence to the contrary, the fossil fuel industry
has launched an increasingly desperate misinformation campaign to convince the
American public that wind energy does not actually reduce carbon dioxide
emissions. As a result, we feel compelled to set the record straight on the
matter, once and for all.
Not to be deterred by
indisputable data, numerous refutations, or the laws of physics, the fossil
fuel lobby has doubled down on their desperate effort to muddy the waters about
one of the universally recognized and uncontestable benefits of wind energy:
that it reduces the use of fossil fuels as well as the emissions and other
environmental damage associated with producing and using these fuels.
For those who have not
been following this misinformation campaign by the fossil fuel industry, here
is a brief synopsis. Back in March 2010, AWEA heard public reports that the
Independent Petroleum Association of Mountain States (IPAMS), a lobby group
representing the oil and natural gas industry, was working on a report that
would attempt to claim that adding wind energy to the grid had somehow
increased power plant emissions in Colorado.
The electricity produced
by a wind plant must be matched by an equivalent decrease in electricity
production at another power plant, as the laws of physics dictate that utility
system operators must balance the total supply of electricity with the total
demand for electricity at all times. Adding wind energy to the grid typically
displaces output from the power plant with the highest marginal operating cost
that is online at that time, which is almost always a fossil-fired plant
because of their high fuel costs. Wind energy is also occasionally used to
reduce the output of hydroelectric dams, which can store water to be used later
to replace more expensive fossil fuel generation.
(The
Facts About Wind Energy and Emissions | Renewable Energy World)
Past perfect
digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu terjadi di masa lampau dan terus berlangsung
sampai terjadinya aksi yang lain di masa lampau. Tenses ini juga digunakan
untuk mengeskpresikan impian atau harapan yang tidak tercapai melalui
conditional sentence tipe 3, contohnya: Farhan would been the
same level with Yanto if he had studied harder (Farhan akan berada di
level yang sama dengan Yanto jika dia belajar lebih giat). Selain itu, tenses
ini juga dapat digunakan pada reported speech setelah verb: said, told, asked, thought,
dan wondered. Contohnya: Daud said that she had slept (Daud
berkata bahwa dia telah tidur), I thought he had got a job (Saya
piker dia telah mendapatkan pekerjaan).
Past perfect has several function when we use it on a sentence.
Ø Express the
action which already complete before other action happen
These sentences always use subordinate conjunction
of “before, after, when, by the time and prior to.”
-
When he came last night, we had finished the homework.
-
I had already eaten my breakfast by the time he picked
me up.
-
Prior to his success, he had been sold coco milk ice
near to my office.
Ø Express how
often the action happen in the past
-
I had read the novel five times.
-
They had met twice a month for English Club.
-
Stacia had gone to the theatre every month until 2019
Ø Past perfect
which is use to reported speech
These sentences use several verbs before the main
sentence. The verbs: said, told, asked, thought, wondered.
-
He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
-
I thought he had change to be diligent.
Ø Express conditional
sentence type 3
These sentences are express hope or wish, which
can not to fulfil it.
-
If he had taken a bath fast, he would have missed the
train.
-
Yulia would been the same level with me if she had
studied harder.
When we create past
perfect sentence, we can use adverb of time for example: after, before,
already, as soon as, just, yet, until, till, by the time that. Past perfect
also use “I wish”, “as if/though” and “if only”.
Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect
adalah bentuk kata kerja atau konstruksi yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan
peristiwa yang diharapkan atau direncanakan terjadi sebelum waktu referensi di
masa depan, seperti yang akan selesai dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris "Aku
akan selesai. Future Perfect tense cukup mudah untuk disusun karena memiliki
struktur yang sama untuk setiap orang. Pada dasarnya, Anda perlu
menggunakan will + have + bentuk past participle dari verb (kata
kerja) utamanya
Future perfect tense
refers to a completed action in the future. It is used to express an action
that will be completed by a certain time in the future. The future perfect also
use time expressions such as by the time, by then, by the year 2019, by December
3rd to describe these kinds of activities.
This tense
formed in two different ways :
A. Will have + V3(past
participle) = will have done
B. To be (am, is,
are) + be going to + have + V3(past participle) = be going to have done.
Note : Dani
will have worked tomorrow
It shows a
sense of completion of an action (work) which will occur in the future
-
My friends will have finished the assignment by Monday.
-
By the time you read the novel I will have watched TV.
-
You will have finished your work by this time next
week.
Modals with
the perfect
Ø With Modals we
use will with
the perfect to show that something will be complete at
or before sometime in the future:
-
in a few years they will have discovered a cure for the
common cold.
-
I can come out tonight. I'll have finished my homework
by then.
Ø With modals We
use would with
the perfect to refer to something that did not happen in
the past
-
If you had asked me, I would have helped you.
-
I would have helped you, but you didn't ask me.
-
You didn't ask me or I would have helped you
Completed action
before something in the future:
-
I am not going to have finished this test by 1 o’clock.
-
By the time my father gets home, I am going to have
cleaned the entire house.
-
By tomorrow you’ll have had five interviews with this
company!
Duration before something in the future (non- continuous
verbs):
-
I will have been in Jakarta for three months by the
time I leave.
-
At this time next month, I’ll have finished my English course.
